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Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience



Daphne Ling

Contact
Research Interests
Publications
Education and Training
Awards
Awards

Contact Info

E-mail:  daphne•ling@ubc•ca
Phone: 604•872•3074
Fax: 
604•822•7232
Address:
Detwiller - Room G842,
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab
Department of Psychiatry – UBC
2255 Wesbrook Mall,
Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1
  

Research Interests

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterised by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and deficits in executive functions (EFs). EFs, which are associated with the brain area called prefrontal cortex (PFC), include abilities like selective attention, self-control, reasoning, and problem-solving. One way neurons communicate with each other is via neurotransmitters. In ADHD, there is less of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA), especially in PFC and the striatum. PFC is linked to EF deficits and the striatum to behavioural problems. To treat ADHD, drugs that increase DA called psychostimulants are often used. About 50% of children with ADHD are medicated with stimulants. Despite that, they often struggle in school. Much of the DA released by a neuron is not picked up by the receiving neuron, leaving excess DA hanging around. The best mechanism for clearing away excess DA is by DA transporter (DAT) proteins. At moderate-to-high doses, stimulants block DAT proteins from working. This is important for the striatum, which has lots of DAT. On the other hand, PFC has little DAT. Thus at moderate-to-high doses, stimulants should affect the striatum, but not PFC. Recent animal neuroscience studies show that stimulants affect PFC at low doses but not at higher ones. Given this, we reasoned that physicians prescribing the right dose to help behaviour of ADHD patients might be prescribing too high a dose to aid their cognition. We just completed a triple-blind study where children with ADHD (6-18 years) was tested once on their prescribed dose and once on half that (which dose was given first or second was randomised). For my dissertation I would like to test the neural mechanism underlying this. Using fMRI, I want to see if the striatum works more efficiently, and performance on a striatum-dependent task is better, when those with ADHD are given a moderately high stimulant dose, and if PFC will function more efficiently, and performance on a classic EF test will be better, when persons with ADHD are given a low stimulant dose. This has never been investigated before in people. Implications for the standard of care for ADHD could be major. Ultimately, I hope this work can help children with ADHD perform optimally in school and life.

Publications - peer reviewed

Ling, D. S., Wong, C. D., & Diamond, A. (2021). Children only 3 years old can succeed at conditional “if, then” reasoning much earlier than anyone had thought possible. Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 57189. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571891 [Epub 6 Jan 2021 ahead of print]

Diamond, A. & Ling, D. S. (2019). Aerobic-exercise and resistance-training interventions have been among the least effective ways to improve executive functions of any method tried thus far. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. [Epub 14 June 2018 ahead of print] doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.05.001

- The article was chosen as a “must-read” for anyone interested in the association between chronic physical activity engagement and cognitive control:

Eliakim, A., Falk, B., Armstrong, N., Baptista, F., Behm, D. G., Dror, N., ... & Nemet, D. (2019). Expert’s Choice: 2018’s Most Exciting Research in the Field of Pediatric Exercise Science. Pediatric Exercise Science, 31, 1-27. doi.org/10.1123/pes.2019-0010

Ling, D., Tibbetts, G., & Scharfe, E. (2017). Once upon a time: Lessons learned from the benefits of Parent-Child Mother Goose. Child Welfare, 95, 9-31 (pdf)

Diamond, A. & Ling, D. S. (2016). Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 34-48. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.005   NIHMS:743147 (abstract) (pdf)
2nd top-rated paper in the journal
4th most downloaded paper in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience in the last 90 days (as of 25 April 2016)

Ling, D. S., Wong, C. D., & Diamond, A. (2016). Do children need reminders on the Day-Night task, or simply some way to prevent them from responding too quickly? Cognitive Development, 37, 67-72 doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2015.10.003   PMID:4776648   NIHMS:736453 (abstract) (pdf)

Im-Bolter, N., Johnson, J., Ling, D., & Pascual-Leone, J. (2015). Inhibition: Mental control process or mental resource? Journal of Cognition and Development, 16, 666-681. doi:10.1080/15248372.2014.930743 (pdf)

Im-Bolter, N., Zadeh, Z. Y., & Ling, D. (2013). Parenting beliefs and academic achievement: The mediating role of language. Early Child Development and Care, 183, 1811-1826. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.755964 (pdf)

Book Chapters - peer reviewed

Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2019). Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory. In J. Novick, M.F. Bunting, M.R. Dougherty & R. W. Engle (Eds.), Cognitive and working memory training: Perspectives from psychology, neuroscience, and human development, (pp.143-431). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN:978-0199974467

To download the supplemental online material, click here.

Ling, D.S., Kelly, M., & Diamond, A. (2016). Human-animal interaction and the development of executive functions. In L.S. Freund, S. McCune, L. Esposito, N.R. Gee, & P. McCardle (Eds.), Social Neuroscience of Human-Animal Interaction, (pp. 51-72). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14856-004 (pdf)

Conference Presentations

Ling, D. (July 20, 2023). ADHD and the dopamine system in prefrontal cortex (and what studying ADHD taught me about being a scientist.) Presented at ‘A Joyous Celebration of Ideas, the Arts, Science, and Efforts to Make the World a Better Place,’ conference, Vancouver, BC

Ling, D.S., Schaurich, C.G., Dixit, I., & Krebs, C. (25 March 2023). Transtentorial herniation from a rare tentorial incisura defect: A case report for clinical and neuroanatomical education. Poster presented at the Anatomy Connected 2023 conference, Washington, DC

Hughes, A., Bhuiyan, I., & Ling, D.S. (June 9, 2022). Science for all ages: What quidditch can teach us about prefrontal cortex, the striatum, and the cerebellum. An online poster presented at the hybrid International Behavioural Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland. (pdf)

Bhuiyan, I., Boen, C., Bondok, M., Ling, D.S. (June 9, 2022). Integrating neuroanatomy and behavioural neuroscience to enhance medical students’ appreciation of visual processing. An online poster presented at the hybrid International Behavioural Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland. (pdf)

Ling, D. S., Bhuiyan, I., Hughes, A., Hwang, A., & Diamond, A. (June 9, 2022). Science communication: Using pop culture to teach children about the brain and behaviour. Poster presented at the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24588.80001 (pdf)

Ling, D. S., Hwang, A., Bhuiyan, I., Hughes, A., & Diamond, A. (June 9, 2022). Dopamine: A tale of two cities. Poster presented at the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31299.68648 (pdf)

No conference presentations in 2021 due to a leave of absence

Ling, D. S., & Diamond, A. (accepted). The effect of higher working memory load on tasks requiring inhibition in 4 to 6-year-olds. Poster submitted to the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, Glasgow, Scotland, June 2-6, 2020. Conference cancelled due to COVID-19.

No conference presentations in 2020 due to COVID-19

Ling, D. S., Balce, K., Weiss, M., Murray, C., & Diamond, A. (September 23, 2019). Patients with ADHD are being overmedicated (for optimal cognitive performance). Poster presented at the International Brain Research Organisation World Congress of Neuroscience Meeting, Daegu, South Korea.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.212 (pdf)

Ling, D. S., Mitchell, J. R., & Diamond, A. (June 26, 2019). ‘Tis a mystery: People who are more physically fit have better executive functions, but most physical activity interventions have failed to produce benefits to executive functions. Poster presented at the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society, Cairns, Australia.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17027.84007 (pdf)

Ling, D. S., Balce, K., Weiss, M., Murray, C., & Diamond, A. (June 25, 2019). Effects of low-dose versus normal-dose psychostimulants on executive functions in children with attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Poster presented at the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society, Cairns, Australia.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13672.39681 (pdf)

Ling, D. S., Mitchell, J. R., & Diamond, A. (May 25, 2019). Is a positive human relationship key to whether a program or intervention improves executive functions? Poster presented at the Association for Psychological Science (APS) Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20383.28325 (pdf)

Abdelazim, S.*, Dhindsa, S.*, Ma, Y. T.*, & Ling, D. S. (March 30, 2016). A prospective longitudinal study on the impact of cognitive flexibility on crime rates, income, health, and higher education. Poster presented at the UBC Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Conference.
*Student mentee co-authors under the Undergraduate Research Opportunities: Research Experience Program

Li, J.*, & Ling, D.S. (March 21, 2015). The effect of short-term musical training on the executive functions of children from 6 to 8 years old. Poster presented at the UBC Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Conference.
*Student mentee co-author under the Undergraduate Research Opportunities: Research Experience Program

Ling, D.S., Wong, C., & Diamond, A. (Oct. 18, 2013). Double dissociation: Integrating color/ shape aids conditional discrimination but separating them aids card sorting in 3-year-olds. Poster presented at the Cognitive Development Society Meeting, Memphis, TN.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1748.2726 (pdf)

Ling, D.S., Wong, C., & Diamond, A. (May 17, 2013). Young children benefit from more time when performing the Day-Night task. Paper presented at the Northwest Cognition and Memory Conference, Surrey, BC.

Ling, D.S., Wong, C. & Diamond, A. (May 17, 2013). Double dissociation: Integrating color/shape aids conditional discrimination but separating them aids card sorting in 3½-yr-olds. Paper presented at the Northwest Cognition and Memory Conference, Surrey, BC.

Ling, D.S., Wong, C., & Diamond, A. (April 19, 2013). Young children benefit from extra time when performing tasks requiring inhibitory control. Poster presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting, Seattle, WA.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2534.7042 (pdf)

Ling, D.S., & Scharfe, E. (June 4, 2011). Once Upon a Time: Using Songs and Stories to Change Mothers’ Perceptions of their Children’s Security. Poster presented at the Canadian Psychological Association’s Annual Convention, Toronto, ON.
Shortlisted for the Elinor Ames Award for Student Presentations, Developmental Section.  

Other Selected Publications (Media)

Ling, D.S. (21 Oct 2022). Lost in a sea of faces: As a scientist with face blindness, I wish academia prioritized accessibility and inclusion. [Working Life column]. Science, 378, p. 326. doi:10.1126/science.caredit.adf4109

Ling, D.S. & Gerecke, K.M. (17 Sept 2021). Stop undervaluing smaller institutions [Careers column.] Nature.

Ling, D.S. (27 May 2020). This pandemic is not an extended sabbatical [Careers column.] Nature.

Ling, D.S. (1 September 2013). Being smart is not good enough [Education column.] The Star (Malayasian daily newspaper.)

Ling, D.S. (Summer, 2012). Brain Development and Learning Conference: Closing the research practice gap. Psynopsis, 34(3), 22-23.

Ling, D.S. (Fall, 2011). Preparing for life after your bachelor’s degree [Student news.] Psynopsis, 33(4), 45.

Ling, D.S. (6 February 2011). Reaching out to children through puppetry [Focus section.] The Star (Malayasian daily newspaper.)

Ling, D.S. (23 January 2011). Ankle, point [Focus section.] The Star (Malayasian daily newspaper.)

Ling, D.S. (3 October 2010). Figuring out Freud [Focus section.] The Star (Malayasian daily newspaper.)

Awards and Honours

2020 – 21

IMH Marshall Scholarship Award — UBC Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Mental Health

2018 – 21

Doctoral Award — Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS-D) to Honour Nelson Mandela

2019 – 20

IMH Marshall Scholarship Award — UBC Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Mental Health

2019

World Congress Travel Grant from the International Brain Research Organisation (IBRO) to attend the meeting in Daegu, South Korea

2019

Travel Award from the International Behavioural Neuroscience Society (IBNS) to attend the meeting in Cairns, Australia,

2017 – 18

Cordula and Gunter Paetzold Fellowship — The University of British Columbia

2016 – 17

Master's Award: Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship (CGS-M) to Honour Nelson Mandela

2015 UBC President’s Staff Award for Emerging Leadership
2011 Canadian Psychological Association’s (CPA) Certificate of Academic Excellence
2011 President’s Honour List: Graduating Class, Trent University

Education

Trent University Peterborough, ON B.Sc. (Honours), 2011 Psychology

Employment (Academic)

University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Lab Manager
2014 - current
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab
Supervisor: Adele Diamond, PhD, FRSC
University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Research Assistant
2011 - 2014
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab
Supervisor: Adele Diamond, PhD, FRSC
Langara College Vancouver, BC Part-time Marker & Teaching Assistant
2011 - current
Courses:
Fundamentals of Psychology I
Fundamental of Psychology II
Developmental Psychology (Middle Childhood & Adolescence)
Psychological Disorders
Trent University Peterborough, ON Research Assistant/    
Transcriptionist
2010-2011
Trent Language and Cognition Lab
(Supervisor: Nancie Im-Bolter, PhD)
Trent University Peterborough, ON Research Assistant
2010
Trent Action Cognition Lab
(Supervisor: Liana Brown, PhD)
Trent University Peterborough, ON Research Assistant
2009-10
Trent Brain, Memory and Emotion Lab
(Supervisor: Hugo Lehmann, PhD)
Trent University Peterborough, ON Research Assistant
2009-2011
Parent-Child Mother Goose study at Kawartha-Haliburton Children’s Aid Society
(Supervisor: Elaine Scharfe, PhD)

Professional Development

2015 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Music Therapy: First Sounds: Rhythm, Breath, Lullaby, & Environmental Music Therapy as a Noise Modulator: A Continuum of Care Training
2013 Community Social Pediatrics Symposium and Workshop: Working Together to Reduce the Impact of Toxic Stress
2008 Grief and Bereavement Counselling Workshop

Media Coverage

Featured in the article “Early learning: Holistic intervention” in the Stories newsletter, Bezos Family Foundation website (25 Feb 2022)

Featured in the article “How early-career scientists are coping with COVID-19 challenges and fears“ [Careers Articles] by Elisabeth Pain in Science (17 April 2020)

Featured with Diamond, A. in the article “Think twice before you…” in Research Features magazine published by Research Publishing International (24 June 2016)

Featured in the article "Global Malaysians: Daphne Ling" by M.K. Yuen in The Star newspaper (31 August 2013)

Featured in the article "#MyCareer: How Ontario university career services prepare students for the future" in the Council of Ontario Universities Report (October 2012)

Featured in the article "Daphne Ling: Blogging on Causes and Beliefs" by C. H. Khaw in SURF! Magazine (October 2007)

Appeared on the program Radio: The Power of Blogging (re. raising funds for Siti Aisya) with Izmir Bahawi. Polyfonix Youth program on Polyfonix 92.3FM 3ZZZ, Melbourne, Australia. (19 May 2007)

Grant Support

Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute Innovation and Translational Award: “The Neural Basis of Low Dose versus Normal Dose Psychostimulants on Executive Functions in Youth with Attention Deficit /Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Trial”

Co-investigator: Daphne Ling

PI: Christine Tipper

Other co-investigators: Adele Diamond, Amori Mikami, & Liisa Galea

Submitted 13 May 2019 (waiting) Total requested: $74,961 CAN

Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI) Innovation and Translational Research Award: “Effects of Low-dose versus Normal-dose Psychostimulants on Executive Functions in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder”

Co-investigator: Daphne Ling

PI: Adele Diamond

Other co-investigators: Margaret Weiss, & Candice Murray

Project period: 07/01/2016 – 06/30/2018 Total direct costs: $49,993 CAN

     To study whether the stimulant dose for controlling hyperactivity in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is too high for aiding cognition. Most ADHD patients on stimulants are taking a dose targeting behavioural dysregulation (parents base feedback to doctors on the child’s behaviour; no one uses cognitive tests to determine dose). We’ll test the prediction that ADHD patients will perform better on attention, working memory, reading & math, when on half their dose.

This page last updated 24 Jan 2024.